The Presence of Christ in Holy Communion. There have been four primary understandings concerning this issue.
The Roman Catholic position is called transubstantiation. While there has been some relatively recent reinterpretation of how to talk about transubstantiation by contemporary Catholic theologians, the position basically means that the substance of the bread and wine are changed into the substance of the physical body and blood of Christ during the prayer, while the "accidents" remain those of bread and wine.
The Lutheran position is called consubstantiation. In this understanding, the bread and wine do not miraculously become the body and blood of Christ. They remain bread and wine, but the presence of Christ is said to be "in, with, and under the elements." Therefore, in receiving the bread and wine, one also receives the body and blood of Christ.
Ulrich Zwingli's view (taken up by many Evangelical churches) is called the memorialist view. For Zwingli, the bread and wine signify Christ's body and blood. The sacrament (or ordinance) does not convey salvific grace, but rather it is a sign of grace that has already been received by faith. The Table, then reminds us of the redemption won by the death of Christ. However, to be fair (and many who hold this position do not understand this aspect), it is not simply a "mental" remembering. Rather, it is a remembrance by reenactment. (In reality, all of the positions would agree that the Sacrament is a memorial. The other positions would say, however, that it is much more than just a memorial.)
Calvin's position is called spiritual presence. Calvin's position rejects the Roman and Lutheran position, on the one hand, and Zwingli's position on the other hand. Like the Roman and Lutheran positions, Calvin held that Christ is truly present and actually feeds believers with His body and blood. At issue is how this happens. Since it is believed that Christ is bodily present in heaven, He is seen to be spiritually present by the Holy Spirit, so that the Supper is a true communion with Christ, who feeds us with His body and His blood. Rob Staples quotes Calvin as saying, "Now, if anyone should ask me how this takes place, I shall not be ashamed to confess that it is a secret too lofty for either my mind to comprehend or my words to declare. And, to speak more plainly, I rather experience than understand it."
The Wesleyan view is most like that of Calvin's, though there are some differences. Wesley rejected the other three positions and held to a real, spiritual presence of Christ in the sacrament. However, Calvin talks about Christ's body being present in terms of "power," mediated by the Holy Spirit, while Wesley speaks of the presence of Christ in terms of His divinity.
Like Calvin, Wesley was not so concerned as to explain the how of Christ's presence. Instead, he was concerned that the faithful experience the reality of Christ's presence. - Such an emphasis is expressed in the following two Wesley hymns taken from J. Ernest Rattenbury's, The Eucharistic Hymns of John and Charles Wesley:
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1. O the depth of love Divine,
Th' unfathomable grace!
Who shall say how bread and wine
God into man conveys!
How the bread His flesh impart,
How the wine transmits His blood,
Fills His faithful people's hearts
With all the life of God!
2. Let the wisest mortal show
How we the grace receive,
Feeble elements bestow
A power not theirs to give.
Who explains the wondrous way,
How through these the virtue came?
These the virtue did convey,
Yet still remain the same.
3. How can heavenly spirits rise,
By earthly matter fed,
Drink herewith Divine supplies,
And eat immortal bread?
Ask the Father's Wisdom how;
Him that did the means ordain!
Angels round our altars bow
To search it out in vain.
4. Sure and real is the grace,
The manner be unknown;
Only meet us in Thy ways,
And perfect us in one.
Let us taste the heavenly powers;
Lord, we ask for nothing more:
Thine to bless, 'tis only ours
To wonder and adore.
Rob Staples' Outward Sign and Inward Grace: The Place of Sacraments in Wesleyan Spirituality. Beacon Hill P. Kansas City, MO. 1991.
